The current study was undertaken to immobilize Kluveromyces lactis β-galactosidase on alginate coated magnesium oxide nanoparticles (ACMONPs). Transmission electron microscopy showed that MgO-NPs synthesized by wet chemical approach were of 27 nm size and spherical in shape. Excellent biocompatibility of sodium alginate resulted in 90% immobilization yield for β-galactosidase due to covalent attachment. Soluble and immobilized β-galactosidase exhibited its pH and temperature-optima at pH 7.0 and at 40 °C, respectively. However, the enzyme attached to ACMONPs enhanced its activity at higher and lower pH and temperature ranges, in contrast to enzyme in solution. ACMONPs bound enzyme displayed greater enzyme activity under the effect of galactose mediated product inhibition as well as in reusability experiment. Our study indicated that 88% lactose was hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase immobilized on ACMONPs at 40 °C as compared to 71% by soluble enzyme under identical temperature in controlled batch reactors. Hence, this nanomatrix can find its potential application in continuous packed-bed reactors for obtaining lactose-free dairy products.

Abstract Wheat is consumed as staple food by majority of population in Pakistan. This study was aimed to assess the effects of recently introduced five cultivars of wheat (Ojala 2016, Borlaug 2016, Johar 2016, Gold 2016 and Fatehjang 2016) for chapatti quality. Results for different physical, chemical, rheological and sensory parameters revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the cultivars studied. The flours obtained from wheat cultivars Fatehjang 2016, Borlaug 2016 and Gold 2016 demonstrated increasing tendency in protein content and dry and wet gluten. Wet gluten was significantly higher in Fatehjang 2016 (30.08%) and significantly lower (26.21%) in wheat variety named Gold 201. Fatehjang 2016 and Borlaug 2016 showed the most appealing physical properties among all cultivars. On the basis of rheological and sensory parameters, Fatehjang 2016 was found to be the most suitable variety for production of chapatti followed by Borlaug 2016.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the quality and mineral contents of Moringa oleifera root-based tomato sauce. Results showed that roots of M. oleifera are highly enriched with essential nutrients including minerals, such as iron, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium and zinc and vitamins specifically vitamin C. Thus, it is useful as a nutritional supplement to enhance the nutritional status of the people and communities especially the susceptible groups including children and women. The tomato sauce supplemented with moringa roots is an effective remedy of malnutrition. TSS, pH, % acidity, Vitamin C were showed highly significant differences among all the treatments and the effect of days on TSS and Vitamin C were also showed highly significant (p<0.05) differences while pH and % acidity showed significant effects and the interactive effect of treatments and days were found highly significant on Vitamin C while TSS, pH and % acidity all were found non-significant. T4 (tomato sauce supplemented with 35 g) showed improved or comparable sensory properties to those of control and mineral profile also showed increasing tendency with corresponding rise in moringa root juice.

The present study investigates the synthesis of agarose nanoparticles (ANPs) and its surface modification by galactose for the immobilization of β-galactosidase. Galactose modified ANPs retained 91% enzyme activity upon immobilization. Optimum pH (4.5) and temperature (50 ºC) remains unchanged after immobilization. However, immobilized enzyme retained greater catalytic activity against lower and higher, pH and temperature ranges. Immobilized β-galactosidase retained 89% biocatalytic activity even at 4% galactose concentration as compared to enzyme in solution, and exhibited 81% activity even after seventh repeated uses. Immobilized enzyme hydrolyzed greater amount of lactose at higher temperatures as compared to β-galactosidase in solution, thereby suggesting its potential application in obtaining lactose-free dairy products at large scale.

Abstract The present study demonstrates the immobilization of β-galactosidase from Cicer arietinum on a simple and inexpensive matrix, glutaraldehyde functionalized agarose (GFA), to suggest its potential application in hydrolyzing whey lactose in biotechnology industries. The designed matrix provided large surface area for the immobilization of β-galactosidase, apart from exhibiting greater biocatalytic activity in terms of selectivity, loading and stability. GFA retained 83% enzyme activity as a result of immobilization. Soluble and GFA bound Cicer arietinum β-galactosidase showed the same pH and temperature-optima at pH 5.0 and at 50 °C, respectively. However, immobilized enzyme exhibited a greater fraction of activity at both acidic and basic pH, and at higher temperature ranges. GFA bound enzyme lost only 20 % enzyme in the presence of 3% galactose, and retained 70 % activity even after its sixth repeated use. Immobilized enzyme showed pronounced lactose hydrolysis from whey in batch processes at 55 °C as compared to enzyme in solution.

ABSTRACT This review article highlights the role of glutaraldehyde as a matrix activator/stabilizer in imparting higher operational and thermal stability to β-galactosidase (βG) for biotechnological applications. Glutaraldehyde has been used extensively as a crosslinking agent as well as for functionalization of matrices to immobilize β-galactosidase. Immobilized β-galactosidase systems (IβGS) obtained as a result of glutaraldehyde treatment has been employed to hydrolyze whey and milk lactose in batch reactors, continuous packed-bed and fluidized bed reactors under various operational conditions. Moreover, these IβGS have also been utilized for the production of galactooligosaccharides in food, dairy and fermentation industries. It was observed that glutaraldehyde provided remarkable stability to immobilize βG against various physical/chemical denaturants, thus enhancing thermal/operational stability and rendering it more suitable for repeated utilization in industrial scale operations.

A bioactive N,N-diacetylglycine (NNDAG) and new organotin(IV) complexes (OTCs) (1-7) were synthesized. Spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize NNDAG and OTCs. FTIR was employed to verify N,N protection of glycine by acetyl groups. The disappearance of υ(OH) at 3000-2600 cm-1 showed de-protonation of free ligand. The Δυ 150<200 cm-1 of OTCs 4-7 verified bidentate coordination with tetrahedral geometry. The Δυ of OTCs1 and 3 was <200 cm-1 exhibitingtrans -octahedral geometry while OTC 2 dimer was assigned a unique sinusoidal view. The 1H NMR spectra of OTCs verified their synthesis by de-protonation of NNDAG and no chemical shift was found downfield for carboxylic acid proton. The 13C, 119Sn NMR and Mass spectrometric data also supported FTIR and 1H NMR descriptions. The OTCs 4, 5, 6 and7 (500 ppm) proved twice as active against Escherichia coli as the standard antibiotic enoxacin (1000 ppm). The promising property of the OTCs (4, 5, 6 and7) is clearly due to their tetrahedral. The OTCs 4and 5 exhibited excellent activity against M. minimum and good activity against T. castaneum.LD50 of all the compounds were determined and OTCs4, 5 and 7 were found to be active.

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Abstract Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of community-based practitioner programmes in Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kenya. Methods Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for the three programmes were estimated from a government perspective. Cost data were collected for 2012. Life years gained were estimated based on coverage of reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health services. For Ethiopia and Kenya, estimates of coverage before and after the implementation of the programme were obtained from empirical studies. For Indonesia, coverage of health service interventions was estimated from routine data. We used the Lives Saved Tool to estimate the number of lives saved from changes in reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health-service coverage. Gross domestic product per capita was used as the reference willingness-to-pay threshold value. Findings The estimated incremental cost per life year gained was 82 international dollars ($)in Kenya, $999 in Ethiopia and $3396 in Indonesia. The results were most sensitive to uncertainty in the estimates of life-years gained. Based on the results of probabilistic sensitivity analysis, there was greater than 80% certainty that each programme was cost-effective. Conclusion Community-based approaches are likely to be cost-effective for delivery of some essential health interventions where community-based practitioners operate within an integrated team supported by the health system. Community-based practitioners may be most appropriate in rural poor communities that have limited access to more qualified health professionals. Further research is required to understand which programmatic design features are critical to effectiveness.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la costoeficacia de los programas de médicos de ámbito comunitario en Etiopía, Indonesia y Kenya. Métodos Se estimaron los porcentajes incrementales de costoeficacia para los tres programas desde un punto de vista gubernamental. Se recopilaron los datos de coste de 2012. Se estimaron los años de vida ganados en base a la cobertura de los servicios de salud reproductiva, materna, neonatal e infantil. En el caso de Etiopía y Kenya, las tasas de cobertura de antes y después de la implantación del programa se obtuvieron a través de estudios empíricos. En el caso de Indonesia, la cobertura de las intervenciones de los servicios de salud se estimó a través de datos rutinarios. Se utilizó la herramienta "Live Saved Tool" para estimar el número de vidas salvadas gracias al cambio en la cobertura de los servicios de salud reproductiva, materna, neonatal e infantil. El producto interior bruto per cápita se utilizó como el valor de umbral de referencia para la disposición a pagar. Resultados El coste incremental estimado por año de vida ganado fue de 82 dólares internacionales ($) en Kenya, $999 dólares internacionales en Etiopía y $3.396 en Indonesia. Los resultados fueron más sensibles a la incertidumbre en las estimaciones de años de vida ganados. Basándose en los resultados de análisis de sensibilidad probabilísticos, hubo una certeza de más del 80% de que todos los programas eran costoeficaces. Conclusión Es probable que los enfoques de ámbito comunitario sean costoeficaces para suministrar algunas intervenciones sanitarias esenciales en los lugares en los que los médicos de ámbito comunitario operan dentro de un grupo integrado apoyado por el sistema sanitario. Los médicos de ámbito comunitario pueden ser más apropiados en comunidades rurales pobres que tengan acceso limitado a profesionales de la salud más cualificados. Se requiere de más investigación para comprender qué características de diseño programático son cruciales para la efectividad.

The present study investigated the carboxylation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by 1:3 nitric acid-sulfuric acid mixtures for immobilizing Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase. Carboxylated AgNPs retained 93% enzyme upon immobilization and the enzyme did not leach out appreciably from the modified nanosupport in the presence of 100 mmol L-1 NaCl. Atomic force micrograph revealed the binding of β-galactosidase on the modified AgNPs. The optimal pH for soluble and carboxylated AgNPs adsorbed β-galactosidase (IβG) was observed at pH 4.5 while the optimal operating temperature was broadened from 50 ºC to 60 ºC for IβG. Michaelis constant, Km was increased two and a half fold for IβG while Vmax decreases slightly as compared to soluble enzyme. β-galactosidase immobilized on surface functionalized AgNPs retained 70% biocatalytic activity even at 4% galactose concentration as compared to enzyme in solution. Our study showed that IβG produces greater amount of galacto-oligosaccharides at higher temperatures (50 ºC and 60 ºC) from 0.1 mol L-1 lactose solution at pH 4.5 as compared to previous reports.